Amadis of Gaul, an opera As it is perform'd at the King's Theatre in the Hay-market — Background and Themes

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Haym, Nicola Francesco, 1678-1729 Project Gutenberg 2006
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Words 12,281
Reading time 54 min
Text sections 2

Before opening Amadis of Gaul, an opera As it is perform'd at the King's Theatre in the Hay-market — Background and Themes, the edition data offers a quick orientation: 12,281 words, 54 min estimated reading time, and 2 detected text sections.

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This editorial note examines the 1715 opera libretto *Amadis of Gaul*, focusing on authorial choices in diction, dialogue, and description. It highlights the bilingual Italian-English text, the use of asides and stage directions, and the characterization of Melissa as an enchantress.
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[Transcriber's Note: Some typographical errors have been corrected, while others were left in their original form. Details are given at the end of the file.]

As it is perform'd at the King's Theatre

_LONDON:_ Printed for _Jacob Tonson_, at _Shakespear's-Head_ over-against _Catherine-Street_ in the _Strand_. 1715.

To the Right Honourable _RICHARD_, Earl of _Burlington_ and _Corck_, Baron _Clifford_ of _Landesbrough_, & c.

My Duty and Gratitude oblige me to give this Publick Testimony, of that Generous Concern Your Lordship has always shown for the promoting of Theatrical Musick, but this Opera more immediately claims Your Protection, as it is compos'd in Your own Family.

The particular Encouragement you have given to the liberal Arts, not only shows the Delicacy of Your Taste, but will be a Means to Establish them in this Climate, and _Italy_ will no longer boast of being the Seat of Politeness, whilst the Sons of Art flourish under Your Patronage.

Your Lordship indeed has distinguished Your self this way, and every Science has raised it self under Your Auspicious Bounty. So true a Notion of Merit, and so nice a Discernment of what is Curious, is but rarely found among Persons of an advanced Age; but You my Lord, by an uncommon Felicity of Genius, do even in the Bloom of Youth make Your Entrance in the World with the most refin'd Taste and mature Judgment.

But I fear the Pleasure I take in Recounting Your Excellent Qualities will make me commit an Involuntary Errour, and that I shall be thought Troublesome, when I only designed to show with how much Respect I am,

_My LORD,_ _Your Lordship's most Humble, _most Obliged, and most _Faithful Servant,_

John James Heidegger.

Amadigi di Gaula Eroe, amante di Oriana.

_Amadis_ of _Gaul_, a famous Heroe, in love with _Oriana_.

Sig. Cav. _Nicolino Grimaldi_.

Dardano, Prencipe di Tracia.

_Dardanus_, Prince of _Thracia_.

Oriana, Figlia del' Rè dell' Isole fortunate.

Sig. _Anastasia Robinson_.

_Oriana_, Daughter of the King of the Fortunate Islands.

Mrs. _Anastasia Robinson_.

Melissa, Maga Amante Di Amadigi.

Sig. _Elisabetta Pilotta Schiavonetti, di S.A.R. la Principessa di Galles_.

_Melissa_, an Enchantress, in love with _Amadis_.

Sig. _Elizabetta Pilotta Schiavonetti_, Servant to her Royal Highness the Princess of _Wales_.

SCENE _Melissa_'s Garden.

_Amadis_ and _Dardanus_.

Or' che di negro Ammanto E' ricoperto il Cielo, e ogn' un' riposa Prencipe andiamo, oue l'honor c'Invita; Abbandoniam' queste incantate Soglie, Che già troppo contrarie Furo' alla gloria mia, ed' al' mio Amore.

Now that the Heav'ns with sable Veil Are cover'd close, and all Mankind repose, Prince, let us go, where Honour us invites; Let us abandon this enchanted Place, Which too averse already hath prov'd Both to my Glory, and my Love.

Già d' Amadigi il nome Fa' incredibil' le proue Della forza dell' braccio, e del' valore: Dopo tante vittorie Tempo è dunque che ascolti, Della vaga Melissa Gl' Innamorati pianti. Mira; come qui ride il fiore; e come Verdeggia il prato; e Limpido il ruscello, Qui come inriga il suolo: Tutto con l'arti sue forma d'Incanti, Per piacere à tè Sol', che sei sua vita.

The Name of _Amadis_ already makes Incredible, th' amazing Proofs As well of Valour as of Strength of Arm: After so many Victories obtain'd 'Tis also time to lend an Ear To beautiful _Melissa_'s Sighs, And listen to her kind Complaints. See how the Flow'rs seem all to smile, How green the Meadows, and how clear the Streams Which seem to water all the pleasant Ground: All this she forms by her enchanting Arts, You, only you, to please, who are her Life.

Più cerca ella piacermi, io più la sprezzo.

The more she strives to please, the more I her despise.

The more ungrateful you.

Mira; e poi dimmi Ingrato: [Gli mostra il ritratto di Oriana. Mira questi colori, Che non sono ch' un' ombra al' par del' giorno, E dì, se posso oh' Dio, Per Melissa Lasciar, l'Idolo mio?

View first this Piece, then call me Ingrate. [He shews him the Picture of _Oriana_. View but these Colours, which yet are no more Than Shadows at the Day's approach, And tell me, if I can, Oh Gods! Leave, for _Melissa_'s sake, this Idol of my Love?

(Ah'! che rimiro ò stelle! Questo è il mio ben' si finga.) Ella ti corisponde?

(Ah me! what is't I see? O Stars! This is my Dear; but I'll dissemble) And does answer thy Love.

M'ama quant' Io l'Adoro. Mà; che più qui si tarda? andiam ò Prence.

She loves me as much as I do her adore. But pray, why stay we here? Prince, let us go.

Signor' più non m'oppongo, alle tue brame: Resta; che intanto Io vado Per ricercare, un opportuno calle. Che celi a gl'occhi altrui il nostro scampo.

I shall no longer, Sir, oppose your Will: Remain you here; in the mean time I'll go And try to find some secret Passage out, Which may from ev'ry Eye conceal our Flight.

Quiui t'attendo. (Dard.) (Ed' Io di sdegno auvampo.) Pugnerò contro del' fato, Vendicato il cor' sarà; E il riuale mio spietato Al mio pie vinto cadrà. Pugnerò, &c.

Here I'll attend. (_Dard._) And I inraged burn. Dardanus says, _He will fight against Fate to revenge his Love; and that his Rival shall fall at his Feet._

O' notte, ò cara notte; Spiega il più oscuro velo: E tù nume dei sogni Soccorri un fido Amante Con i silentii, e l'ombre; Che già mai favoristi, con l'orror del tuo nero, Un cor del' mio più fido, e più sincero.

O Night, O dearest, dearest Night; Spread now thy thickest, darkest Veil: And you great Deity of Dreams Succour a faithful Lover once With Silence and with deepest Shades; You never yet help'd with your dismal Black A Heart more true, nor more sincere than mine.

Notte amica dei riposi Deh' m'assisti, e riconforta, Il mio sen' che stà penan----

_He invokes the Night to assist and comfort his troubled Breast, and stops abruptly._

Si schiarisce in un subito la Scena, Scaturiscono da terra vasi, fontane, e statue. ----ed' una truppa di Spiriti infernali, inuiati da Melissa, da tutti i Lati della Scena, si oppongono alla partenza di Amadigi.

The Scene grows Light on a sudden, and there arises confusedly from the Ground, Vasas, Fountains, and Statues. And a Troop of infernal Spirits (sent by _Melissa_) on both sides of the Scene, prevent _Amadis_'s going off the Stage.

Che miro! inuido fato Bramo la notte, e il sol' m' apporta il giorno? Fuggirò, mà doue? forse di qui? Ah' nò; ch' impedito è ogni passo Allo scampo, alla fuga. Ah' Melissa, Melissa! io son' tradito. Mà che! s'apra col' ferro il varco.

What do I see? O Envious Fate! I wish'd for Night. Does _Phoebus_ bring the Day? Ill fly, but where? Can I from hence get free? Ah no, all Passages are stopp'd, All things combine to hinder my Escape. _Melissa_, ah _Melissa_, I'm betray'd, But with my Sword I'll hew my Passage out.

[Mentre pone il pugno alla spada sopragiunge Melissa.

[Whilst he lays his Hand on his Sword, _Melissa_ comes suddenly to him.

_Melissa_ and _Amadis_.

E tù cerchi fuggir? perfido; Ingrato. Deh' Melissa t'arresti.

Do you pretend t' escape? Perfidious and Ingrate You're now arrested at _Melissa_'s Suit.

There's nothing shall, nor can detain me.

Ti piegherà il mio pianto.

My weeping surely will prevail.

Are things on which I set no value.

Will Flatt'ry, or will Fawning please?

Solo l'ardor di Gloria, il cor mi tocca.

Nothing but thirst of Glory ever touch'd my Heart.

E pur' so' ch' Oriana, il sen' t'accende.

And yet _Oriana_ I know has fir'd your Breast.

Dunque perche mi segui?

Why is't that thus you follow me?

Crudel; perche t'adoro.

Because I adore you, cruel Man.

E se sdegno il tuo foco, Come farai, ch' Io t'ami?

But seeing I disdain your Flames, What can you do to make me love?

Nella torre incantata, è gia il tuo bene. Và dunque empio Spietato Vanne à colei che t'arde il cor; mà pensa, Che sdegnata Melissa, Tutti i mostri d'Inferno, Tutte l'Arpie più fozze, Cerbero, furie, fuoco, e fiamme appresta; E pria che la riuale al' sen' tù stringa, Frà mille pene, Io ti vedrò perire.

Your Dear's already in th' enchanted Tow'r; Go impious, false and cruel, go To her who has inflam'd your Heart, but know, That now _Melissa_ (justly enrag'd) Will soon raise all th' Infernal Monsters up, All ugly Harpies shall approach, _Cerberus_ and Furies, Fire and Flames appear. And e'er you close my Rival in your Arms, Replete with Anguish I shall see you expire.

L'Arti tue non faranno Che accrescere al mio petto, e forza, e ardire. Non sà temere Questo mio petto; S'ardir l'Accende, L'accende amor: Saprà Vedere, Odiò, e dispetto; Strane vicende Non teme il Cor'. Non sà, &c. [Parte.

All your dire Arts this only Effect will have To add new Strength and Courage to my Soul. [_He says that his Heart inflam'd with Love and Courage fears nothing._ [Exit.

Il' crudel' m'abbandona, e mi detesta; Numi! e soffrire il deggio? Ingrato; segui il foco, che t'arde Segui l'amor, che ti consuma, ò Ingrato. Mà in vano ti Lusinghi Che l'arti mie sapran farti morire. Mà cielo, e come! Morir farò chi vita è di quest' alma? Ah' che già sento in petto Che l'Odio, e l'ira và cangiando aspetto.

The Cruel Wretch forsakes me and detests me, Ought I, (ye Heav'ns) to suffer this? Follow, Ingrate, the Fire that burns you, Follow the Love, Ingrate, that now consumes you. You flatter still your self in vain, My Arts can never fail to kill you. But then, O Heav'ns! How can I do't? Can I kill him, who Life gives to this Soul? Ah! Now I feel within my Breast That Wrath and Hate begin to change their Looks.----

Ah' spietato, e non ti moue Un affetto si costante Che per tè mi fà Languir? Mà crudel tù non sai come Fai sdegnar' quest' alma amante Che tu brami di tradir. Ah' spietato, &c. [Parte.

_She asks him if the constant Affection which makes her languish, does not move him; and that he don't consider how much his Cruelty provokes her amorous Soul, which he desires to betray._ [Exit.

Loggia infiammata, che impedisce l'entrata della torre di Oriana.

A Porch in Flames, which hinder the entring into _Oriana's_ Tower.

_Amadis_ and _Dardanus_.

Risueglian' queste fiamme il mio Coraggio. Abbattuti hò gli mostri, e tù il vedesti; Or questa sola proua Del' Braccio mio qui resta. Ma! quai caratteri io veggio? Si legga.

These Flames awake and urge my Courage. The Monsters I've o'erthrown: You Witness are; Now here this one and only Proof Of my brave Valour still remains untry'd. But! What Characters are those I see? Read.

A un sol' le fiamme, è di passar concesso; Ch' egli è l'Eroe più forte, Cui Scelse amor fra tanti Per' quiui vnir, i due piu fidi Amanti.

To pass the Flames is granted but to one; This one's the only valiant Heroe, Which Love, 'mongst all Mankind hath chose Here to unite the two most faithful Lovers.

Prencipe; or' si concosco Che felice mi vuol' amica stella; Se dopo tante pene, Stringer potrò al'mio sen' Oriana bella.

Now, Prince, I evidently see Kind Stars will me a happy Mortal make, If after suff'ring so much Pain I once enjoy fair _Oriana_'s Arms.

[Và per trauersar le Fiamme.

[He makes as if he would pass the Flames.

Amadigi t' arresta, E meco pria fauella.

Hold, _Amadis_, And first discourse with me.

Io tuo riuale, e tuo Nemico sono,

I am your Rival and your Enemy.

D'Oriana invaghito Mà Sprezzato da lei, di te geloso, Cercai di Lusingarti Nell' Amor di Melissa; La tua fuga Scopersi; e in vano oprai: Or ch' all' Estremo de miei mali io giunsi, Finger più non si dee: Meco conuienti Che tuo nemico, e tuo riual mi scopro Prouar chi di noi sià più degno amante.

In Love with _Oriana_, but Despis'd by her, and jealous grown of you. I try'd by Flatt'ry and by Craft T'inspire you in _Melissa_'s Love; Your Flight I soon disclos'd; yet all in vain: Now that my Ills are come to an Extream No longer I'll dissemble; and to be plain, Since I'm your Rival and declared Foe We'll try which is most worthy of her Love.

Troppo nel pregio mio tù parte hauesti. Or sia del' fallo tuo pena bastante Saper ch' Io sono il più gradito amante.

Of all my Glories you have reap'd your Share, For your Deceit, let it your Penance be To know that I advance most in her Love.

Vado, Corro, al mio tesoro, Non apprezzo il tuo furor; Per un vago, e bel crin' d'oro Foco, e fiamme, e poco al' Cor. Vado, &c.

_He says he will fly to his Treasure in spight of _Dardanus_'s Fury, and that to gain his Fair one Flames and Fires is the least a Heart can suffer._

[He passes through the Flames.

Deh ferma, oh' Dio! già penetrò la soglia; Le seguirò nel' foco: Mà; un Ignoto poter' me lo contrasta. Si tenti ancor; non posso. Dunque il vedrò gioir sù gl' occhi miei? No; Melissa à te aspetta Far sù L'empio per me, per te vendetta.

Hold, hold; oh God! the Threshold he has already enter'd; Now through the Fire I'll follow him: But; oh some unknown Pow'r detains my Steps. I'll try again; I cannot stir. Shall he rejoice before my Eyes? No, no; _Melissa_, it ought to be thy Care To see thy self and me, on this base Man reveng'd.

Agitato il cor mi sento, Dall' affetto, e dal' furor; Un riuale che pauento Fà che peni questo Cor. Agitato, &c. [Parte.

He says he finds his Heart disturb'd both by Love and Wrath; and that a Rival whom he fears, is the Cause of all he suffers. [Exit.

[La Loggia incantata si spezza, e cade al' suono di strepitosa sinfonia; si oscura la Scena, con tuoni, e Lampi, e si rischiara all' apparire d' Oriana, la quale Comparisce circondata da Caualieri, e Dame incantate; e si cangia la Scena in un bellissimo colonnato.

[The Enchanted Porch splits asunder and falls at the Sound of a loud boisterous Simphony; the Scene darkens, and it thunders and lightens, but clears up again at the appearing of _Oriana_, who comes surrounded with enchanted Knights and Ladies; and the Scene changes into most beautiful Rows of Pillars.

Amadigi, Oriana, e truppa di Caualieri, e Dame incantate.

_Amadis_ and _Oriana_, and a great Company of Knights and Ladies.

Cieli che fia? qual' rumore improuiso Agitò questo Luogo? Ah' che veggio? Amadigi il mio bene.

What can this mean? What sudden rambling Noise Made all this Place both shake and move? Ah what do I see? 'tis my dear _Amadis_.

Io ti tolgo a gl'incanti Ma il tuo bel volto Oriana Fà che incantato io resti.

Though from Enchantments I have set you free, Yet, dearest _Oriana_, your fair Face Makes me remain a quite enchanted Man.

Temo che inganno sia, di qui mirarti.

To see you here, I fear is some Deceit.

Temer non dei mia Cara: Della cruda Melissa L'arte per me fù vana; Bella al seno ti stringo.

Dearest, you have no Cause to fear: Cruel _Melissa's_ direst Arts By me have all abortive prov'd. Fairest, I lodge thee in my Breast.

S'Inganno egli è dolce, è per me l'inganno, Amadigi; si pensi Come da queste soglie tu mi torrai.

If 'tis Deceit, 'tis sweet Deceit to me. 'Tis time, kind _Amadis_, to think What Means you'll use to free me from this Place.

Ostacol più non v' è, Libera sei.

You're free; no farther Obstacle occurs.

Dunque finiti sono, i pianti miei.

Why then, my Tears (at last) are at an End.

Gioie venite in sen' Brillate nel mio Cor, Che tutto il mio dolor, Fuggì, sparì da me, S' è meco il caro ben' Altro non curo no, E sempre goderò Caro mio ben' con tè. Gioie, &c.

_She invokes all Joy to her Breast, affirming that all her Sorrow is vanish'd, and that enjoying the Company of her Dear she can want nothing._

In questo instante Io prouo Di mia vita il piu grato, e bel Momento.

I in this Instant gladly enjoy The best and happiest Moment of my Life.

Amor: basta, non piu: troppo è il contento.

Love, 'tis enough, no more; the Pleasure is too great.

La gioia opprime i sensi E, à tè vicino à bella Divien' dolce d' Amor l'aspra quadrella.

Joys so compleat my Senses quite oppress, And neighbouring now so near my Fairest, The bitter Darts of Love, are all turn'd sweet.

E si dolce il mio contento, E si grato il mio piacer; Che nel seno io già sento, Che non v' è più che temer. E si dolce, &c.

_He says, he feels sweet Pleasure and entire Content in his Heart; that for the future he shall have nothing to dread._

[Vanno a sedere e segue una Danza di Cavalieri, e Dame incantate.

[They sit down; and there follows a Dance of inchanted Knights and Ladies.

Andianne ora mio ben', che più si tarda?

Let's go, my Dear; what causes our Delay?

Prima convien', che á preparar men' vada, Quanto alla nostra fuga, ancor bisogna; Attendi ò bella intanto Nelle contigue stanze, il mio ritorno.

'Tis fit I first should go and get prepar'd What-ever may be needful for our Flight; In the mean-time, my Fairest, wait In the next Chamber my Return.

Vado, ma tosto riedi, Che Lontana da té duro é il soggiorno.

I go, but pray let your Return be soon, For in your Absence no Abode can please.

O Caro mio tesor Deh' presto torna á mé, E vieni á consolar Quest' alma amante; Che non puó questo cor' Esser Lontan da té Che bramo ogn' or mirar Il tuo sembiante. O Caro, &c. [Parte.

_She intreats him to return with Speed to comfort her loving Soul; because her Heart cannot be long from him, for whose Sight she is always longing._ [Exit.

Melissa che sopragiunge, Dardano à parte, e detti.

_Melissa_ who comes in suddenly. _Dardanus_ at a Distance, and the aforesaid.

Cieli; numi, che miro?

Oh Heav'ns! O Gods! What do I see?

(Ecco la mia vendetta.)

Now my Revenge draws near. [Aside.

Demoni, accorete Qui si conduca Oriana.

Haste Devils, run, or rather fly, And instantly bring _Oriana_ here.

[Vengono i Demoni, e portano Oriana.

[The Devils go and bring in _Oriana_.

(Se la toglie all' riuale Io son contento.)

If she but takes her from my Rival I am content. [Aside.

Oriana si trasporti, oue il riual' l'attende.

Transport _Oriana_ where the Rival waits.

Dard. (Or' si ch' Io son' contento.) [Parte.

So, this is right, and I am now content. [Aside.

_Melissa!_ Oh ye Gods!

I, to your Aid and Succour come.

Oh' Numi! [Parte Oriana.

Oh Heav'ns. [Exit _Oriana_.

Ora il furor, la rabbia, e l'ira mia Distrugga queste mura, a tè si Care: Vanne altroue à Lagnarti. Il tuo riual gioisca al' tuo dolore, E il Contento di lui, ti roda il Core.

Now shall my Fury, Wrath and fiercest Rage Destroy these Walls, to thee so dear: Go to some other to bemoan thy Ills. At all thy Grief thy Rival shall rejoice, And his Content shall wound and gnaw thy Heart.

Io godo Scherzo e rido Crudel, nel tuo dolor; Tù m' insegnasti infido A dare affanni à vn Cor. Io godo, &c. [Parte.

_She says she rejoices and laughs at his Sorrows; and that his Unkindness to her has taught her to torment a Heart._

Ferma, deh' ferma oh' Dio! Cruda furia d'inferno Nata per tormentar due fidi Amanti; Ascolta li miei pianti, Rendimi il mio tesoro, Che Cosi troppo è fiero il mio Martoro.

Hold, hold, (Oh Gods!) Hold cruel Furies of th' Infernal Lake, Born to torment two faithful Hearts; Listen this once unto my Tears; Restore me back my only Treasure. For thus; my Pains are much too great to bear.

O' Rendetemi il mio bene Astri infidi, O' pur' fatemi Morir; Che non posso in tante pene Io più Viuere, e Soffrir. O' Rendetemi, &c.

_He begs cruel Fate to restore him his Dear, or deprive him of Life, because he cannot live and suffer so much._

La Scena rappresenta un Giardino con un bellissimo Palazzo in distanza nel' mezzo del' quale si vede la Fontana del' vero Amore.

The Scene represents a Garden with a Magnificent Palace at a Distance; in the midst of it is the Fountain of True Love.

The 1715 libretto for Amadis of Gaul, performed at the King's Theatre in the Haymarket, presents a bilingual text: Italian verse on the left and an English prose translation on the right. This layout allows direct comparison of the original Italian diction with its contemporary English rendering. The English often expands or clarifies the Italian, as when Dardanus's aside “L'arte assista l'inganno” becomes “Let Art assist Deceit, or I'm discover'd.” Such choices reveal how the translator balanced fidelity with dramatic clarity for an English-speaking audience.

The libretto also includes detailed stage directions, such as “Amadis crosses the Stage, without seeing Dardanus, tho' Dardanus perceives him and follows him in a Passion.” These directions, absent from the Italian, guide performance and emphasize visual irony. The work's dedication to the Earl of Burlington by John James Heidegger underscores the opera's courtly patronage and the era's cultural exchange between Italy and England.

Bilingual Structure and Translation Choices

The libretto's facing-page format is not merely decorative; it reveals deliberate translation strategies. In Act I, Scene VIII, Oriana's line “Se t'offesi perdona” is rendered as “If I've offended, pardon me; 'T was an involuntary Crime, If at all mine can be call'd.” The English adds the qualifier “If at all mine can be call'd,” softening her admission. Similarly, Dardanus's Italian aside “Da mè ciò non si seppe” becomes “I never thought of such a thing,” a more natural English idiom. These shifts suggest the translator prioritized natural dialogue over literal fidelity.

The English prose often compresses or rephrases the Italian verse. For instance, Melissa's aria “Se tù brami di godere” is summarized: “She bids him, if he aims at Joy, to leave the Management of all to her; and she will make him content.” This condensation loses the poetic meter but gains expository speed. Such choices indicate the libretto was designed for an audience that might follow the plot through the English while enjoying the Italian sung text.

Characterization Through Dialogue and Asides

The libretto uses asides to reveal characters' private motives. Dardanus's aside “Let Art assist Deceit, or I'm discover'd” exposes his manipulative intent, while Oriana's direct address to “Amadigi mio ben'” shows her trusting nature. Melissa's exclamation “Heav'ns! Gods! some Succour send. O cruel Stars” in Scene IX conveys her fury through exclamatory diction, contrasting with her earlier controlled promises.

The stage directions further shape characterization. When Dardanus follows Amadis “in a Passion,” the direction externalizes his jealousy. Oriana's line “Does he depart, and leave me thus?” followed by “Clashing of Swords I hear” creates a moment of vulnerability. These choices, though brief, build distinct emotional profiles: Oriana as the anxious lover, Dardanus as the scheming rival, and Melissa as the volatile enchantress.

Setting and Atmosphere in Stage Directions

The opening stage direction sets the scene: “Melissa's Garden. Night.” This simple description establishes a clandestine atmosphere for the first encounter between Amadis and Dardanus. The night setting recurs in the action, as characters move unseen or mistake identities. Later, the direction “Clashing of Swords is heard” offstage creates auditory tension without visual confirmation, relying on the audience's imagination.

The garden itself is described as “incantate Soglie” (enchanted thresholds) in the Italian, a phrase the English renders as “enchanted Ground.” This locale becomes a space of deception and transformation, where Melissa's magic operates. The libretto's reliance on such atmospheric cues—night, gardens, offstage sounds—demonstrates how the text uses minimal description to evoke a magical, perilous world.

Patronage and Performance Context

The dedication to the Earl of Burlington by John James Heidegger frames the opera within aristocratic patronage. Heidegger praises Burlington's “Generous Concern” for “Theatrical Musick” and his role in establishing the arts in England. This paratext reveals the social and economic forces behind the production: the opera was “compos'd in Your own Family,” suggesting Burlington's household was involved in its creation.

The dramatis personae lists singers by name and title, including “Sig. Cav. Nicolino Grimaldi” as Amadis and “Sig. Elisabetta Pilotta Schiavonetti” as Melissa, the latter described as “Servant to her Royal Highness the Princess of Wales.” These details connect the performance to specific court figures and highlight the opera's elite audience. The bilingual cast list also indicates the international nature of London's opera scene in 1715.

Readers approaching this libretto should attend to the interplay between the Italian verse and its English prose translation, as the discrepancies reveal the translator's interpretive choices. The stage directions, though sparse, are crucial for imagining the performance's visual and auditory dimensions. The dedication and cast list provide a window into the opera's social context, reminding us that this text was not merely a literary work but a performance piece shaped by patronage and the talents of its singers.

I was thinking of how the bilingual libretto of Amadis of Gaul left room for the audience’s wondering—those asides and enchantments felt like private whispers. That same intimacy surfaces in Physiology of the Opera — A Reader’s Guide, which lingers on the quiet mechanics behind the spectacle. It made me recall my own first evening at the opera house, watching the curtain rise on so many half-understood secrets.

Grayson Mitchell
2 weeks ago

Michael Flores
1 week ago

3.5
3.5 out of 5 (2 User reviews )

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    Dawn Warner - 1 month ago
    As a standalone libretto, this is quite dry and difficult to follow without prior knowledge of the opera. The translation feels archaic, and the plot is convoluted. It seems only suited for academic study, and even then, the lack of any musical notation or stage directions makes it a tedious read. Not recommended for casual readers.

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    Jessica Wheeler - 3 weeks ago
    The libretto provides an interesting look into the opera's structure and lyrics, and the historical context is valuable. However, without the music, the text lacks the full emotional impact of a performance. It's a useful resource for students and enthusiasts, but not particularly accessible for general readers.

  • ...
    Madeline Mary Perez - 3 weeks ago
    This libretto offers a captivating glimpse into 18th-century opera, with the romantic and chivalrous story of Amadis of Gaul coming alive on the page. The language is poetic and dramatic, perfectly capturing the operatic spirit. A wonderful companion for anyone studying or performing this work, and a delight for historically-minded music lovers.


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